"Thinkers of the 20th Century"

JEWS PROFILED IN "THINKERS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY"
(30% of those profiled)

JINFO.ORG

The following list contains the names of Jews and persons of half- or three-quarters-Jewish descent found among the nearly five hundred preeminent figures in the
humanities and in the physical, biological, and social sciences who are profiled in the standard reference work Thinkers of the Twentieth Century, edited by Roland Turner
(St. James Press, 1988).


Alfred Adler Theodor Adorno¹ Samuel Alexander Hannah Arendt Rudolf Arnheim Raymond Aron Kenneth Arrow Erich Auerbach Sir A. J. Ayer² Daniel Bell Julien Benda Walter Benjamin Émile Benveniste Bernard Berenson Henri Bergson Sir Isaiah Berlin Basil Bernstein Bruno Bettelheim Max Black Ernst Bloch Marc Bloch Leonard Bloomfield Franz Boas Niels Bohr³ Max Born Jacob Bronowski Jerome Bruner Léon Brunschvicg Martin Buber Benjamin Cardozo Ernst Cassirer Noam Chomsky Morris Raphael Cohen Jacques Derrida Émile Durkheim Ronald Dworkin Albert Einstein Sergei Eisenstein⁴ Erik Erikson⁵ Herbert Feigl Richard Feynman Stanley Fish Meyer Fortes Jerome Frank Felix Frankfurter Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Milton Friedman Erich Fromm Murray Gell-Mann Ernest Gellner Erving Goffman Kurt Goldstein Sir E. H. Gombrich Nelson Goodman⁶ Paul Goodman Stephen Jay Gould Oscar Handlin H. L. A. Hart Abraham Joshua Heschel E. D. Hirsch, Jr. Richard Hofstadter Sidney Hook Max Horkheimer Edmund Husserl Ivan Illich ⁷ François Jacob Roman Jakobson Hans Kelsen Lawrence Klein	Melanie Klein Arthur Koestler Kurt Koffka Karl Kraus Sir Hans Krebs Saul Kripke Thomas Kuhn Simon Kuznets Imre Lakatos Harold Laski Wassily Leontief⁸ Claude Lévi-Strauss Lucien Lévy-Bruhl Kurt Lewin Oscar Lewis Walter Lippmann Seymour Martin Lipset Gyorgy Lukács Alexander Luria Salvador Luria Rosa Luxemburg Karl Mannheim Gabriel Marcel⁹ Herbert Marcuse Abraham Maslow Robert King Merton Hermann Muller¹⁰ Lewis Mumford¹¹ Ernest Nagel Sir Lewis Namier John von Neumann Otto Neurath¹² Emmy Noether J. Robert Oppenheimer Erwin Panofsky Wolfgang Pauli¹³ Sir Max Perutz Karl Polanyi Michael Polanyi Sir Karl Popper Otto Rank Wilhelm Reich David Riesman Harold Rosenberg Marshall Sahlins Paul Samuelson Edward Sapir Meyer Schapiro Max Scheler¹⁴ Heinrich Schenker Arnold Schoenberg Gershom Scholem Julian Schwinger Edward Shils Georg Simmel Herbert Simon Susan Sontag Leo Spitzer William Stern Leo Strauss Alfred Tarski Lionel Trilling Leon Trotsky Lev Vygotsky Simone Weil Max Wertheimer Norbert Wiener Eugene Wigner Louis Wirth Ludwig Wittgenstein¹⁵
NOTES 1. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. 2. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see Part of My Life: The Memoirs of a Philosopher, by A. J. Ayer (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York, 1977, p.13). 3. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father. 4. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. 5. Son of a Danish-Jewish mother, Karla Abrahamsen, and a German-Jewish step-father, Dr. Theodor Homburger. Prior to her marriage to Homburger, Erikson's mother was briefly married to a Danish Jew, Valdemar Isidor Salomonson. Erikson claimed, however, that his real biological father was an unknown, non-Jewish Dane. 6. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. 7. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/remembering-ivan-illich-43. 8. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see Genia and Wassily by Estelle Marks Leontief (Zephyr Press, Sommerville, MA, 1987, pp. 8 and 18). *9. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father. See Metzler Philosophen Lexikon, edited by Bernd Lutz (Metzler, Stuttgart, 1989, p. 503).* 10. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father. 11. Jewish father (Lewis Mack), non-Jewish mother. See Lewis Mumford: A Life, by Donald Miller (Grove, New York, 2002, pp.4, 11). *12. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother; see Vienna and the Jews: 1867-1938, by Steven Beller (Cambridge, 1990, pp. 15-16).* 13. Pauli described himself as being three-quarters Jewish in a letter to the director of the Institute for Advanced Study, Frank Aydelotte, quoted in the April 1995 issue of Physics Today (p. 86). See also http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/exhibit/pauli/ausreise_e.html. According to the family-authorized biography of Pauli by Charles Enz, No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli (Oxford, Oxford and New York, 2002, pp. 1-7), three of Pauli's four grandparents (all but his maternal grandmother) were Jewish. Specifically, Pauli's father, Wolfgang Pauli, Sr. (originally Wolf Pascheles, whose parents came from the prominent Jewish Pascheles and Utitz families of Prague), converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism shortly before his marriage in 1899 to Bertha Camilla Schütz. Bertha Schütz was raised in her mother's Roman Catholic religion, but her father was the Jewish writer Friedrich Schütz (whose biography can be found on p. 469 of Vol. 5 of S. Wininger's Grosse Jüdische National-Biographie). Although Pauli was raised as a Roman Catholic, eventually he (and his parents) left the Church. *14. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see Encyclopaedia Judaica,* Vol. 14 (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 952).** 15. Jewish father, half-Jewish mother; see, e.g., Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, by Ray Monk (Penguin, New York and London, 1990, pp. 4-7).

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