Jewish Biomedical Scientists

1. Convert to Judaism. See next-to-last paragraph: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KK.
2. Jewish father.
3. Jewish mother, née Yvonne Weill.
4. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
5. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother, according to a follow-up dispatch issued by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) several days after publication of its October 14, 1992 story on that year's Nobel Prizes, written by Tom Tugend. Fischer is a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute.
6.Jewish maternal grandmother, Charlotte (née Dusensy) Exner; see The Dancing Bees: Karl von Frisch and the Discovery of the Honeybee Language, by Tania Munz (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 2016, pp. 107-108). See also Wer Einmal War: Das Jüdische Grossbürgertum Wiens 1800-1938, Volume 2: L-R, by Georg Gaugusch (Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, 2016, p. 2753). Under traditional Jewish Law, an individual descended from a maternal Jewish grandmother is considered fully Jewish.
7. Information elsewhere on the Web contains the claim that Casimir Funk was not Jewish. Among the many references which describe Funk as having been Jewish is Who's Who in World Jewry 1965: A Biographical Dictionary of Outstanding Jews, edited by Harry Schneiderman and I.J. Carmin Karpman (McKay, New York, 1965, p. 417). This reference is significant in this context since all of the biographical profiles that it contains were based on data supplied by the profiled individuals themselves, and later approved by them.
8. Jewish mother, Lillian Lee Elrick (née Lillian Erlich).
9. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
10. Stephen Kuffler, known as the "father of modern neuroscience," was described as having had a Jewish paternal grandmother by his colleague Nobel Prize winner Sir Bernard Katz and as having had "one Jewish grandfather" by his former student Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel. In fact, all four of Kuffler's grandparents were Jews, although he was baptized into the Reformed Church of Hungary and identified as a Roman Catholic most of his life. His paternal grandparents were Benjamin and Flora (née Mittelmann) Kuffler; his maternal grandparents were Adolf and Julia (née Schlesinger) Kohn. (Contrary to other biographical information, his mother was born Elsa (or Elza) Kohn, not Elsa Kertesz.) Kuffler's paternal grandparents are buried in the Jewish Cemetery of Györ, Györ-Moson-Sopron, Hungary. His uncle Paul (Pal) Kuffler, who was murdered by the Nazis in 1944, is buried in the Kozma Street Jewish Cemetery in Budapest.
11. Alfred Lotka was born in 1880 in Lemberg, Austria-Poland to parents who were missionaries associated with the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. Many of these missionaries, including Lotka's father, were converted Jews themselves. In his History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews (London, 1908), W. T. Gidney describes Jacob Lotka (the father of Alfred Lotka) as a "Polish Israelite" (p. 354) and as a "Hebrew Christian" (p. 614). Jacob (also known as Jacques) Lotka headed the Society's station in Lemberg in the years 1873-1881 and later undertook missions to Jewish communities in Persia, Russia, and Hungary. No information is available to us at present concerning the mother of Alfred Lotka.
12. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see first paragraph of biography: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov.html.
13. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; identifies as a Jew, according to an interview in Candid Science II: Conversations with Famous Biomedical Scientists, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 567).
14. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see first paragraph of biography: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/muller.html.
15. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother; see http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/car/1998/2/wtmar12.htm.
16. Jewish maternal grandparents and paternal grandfather, non-Jewish paternal grandmother.
17. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father according to interview in Bitter Prerequisites: A Faculty for Survival from Nazi Terror, by William Laird Kleine-Ahlbrandt (Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN, 2001, p. 48). See also http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010216.Nat.Ahlbrandt.book.html.
18. Jewish father (poet and naturalist Lew Sarett, born Lewis Saretsky), non-Jewish mother.
19. Not generally known to have been Jewish. However, Hans Morgenstern's Jüdisches Biographisches Lexikon (LIT Verlag, Berlin and Vienna, 2011, p. 757) lists Selye as half-Jewish through his mother, Felicitas Langbank. Other data, contained in Dr. Anna Staudacher's (Austrian Academy of Sciences) compilation of "Leavings of the Jewish Community of Vienna between 1868 and 1914" lists Dr. Hugo Selye, Hans Selye's father, as having converted from Judaism to Christianity in 1902. According to Viennese Jewish communal records, Felicitas Langbank was born Felice (or Felicia) Langbank in 1884 to Heinrich (Mayer Hirsch) Langbank and Adele Neumann. Staudacher's research indicates that she underwent conversion to Christianity in 1906.
20. Jewish father.
21. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother, according to an interview published in Candid Science II, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 562).
22. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
23. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. Raised Jewish; wife and children are Jewish. See: https://www.jewishexponent.com/2021/12/16/penn-professor-saves-the-world-with-covid-vaccine-research/.

SHORT LIST
Sidney Altman Julius Axelrod David Baltimore Robert Bárány Baruj Benacerraf Seymour Benzer Paul Berg Bruce Beutler Konrad Bloch Baruch Blumberg Sydney Brenner Michael Brown Melvin Calvin Sir Ernst Chain Pierre Chambon ³ Erwin Chargaff Stanley H. Cohen Stanley N. Cohen Gerty Cori Carl Djerassi Gerald Edelman Paul Ehrlich Gertrude Elion Boris Ephrussi Joseph Erlanger Ronald Evans Edmond Fischer⁵ Rosalind Franklin Sigmund Freud Casimir Funk Robert Furchgott Walter Gilbert Alfred G. Gilman Joseph Goldstein Waldemar Haffkine Viktor Hamburger Felix Haurowitz Michael Heidelberger George de Hevesy H. Robert Horvitz Alick Issacs François Jacob Eric Kandel Sir Bernard Katz George Klein Sir Aaron Klug Arthur Kornberg	Roger Kornberg Sir Hans Krebs Stephen Kuffler Karl Landsteiner Robert Langer Joshua Lederberg Robert Lefkowitz Phoebus Levene Rita Levi-Montalcini Arnold Levine Richard Lewisohn Fritz Lipmann Jacques Loeb Otto Loewi Salvador Luria André Lwoff Élie Metchnikoff ¹¹ Otto Meyerhof César Milstein Hermann Muller ¹³ Daniel Nathans Marshall Nirenberg Sir Max Perutz Gregory Pincus Stanley Prusiner Tadeus Reichstein Alexander Rich Martin Rodbell James Rothman Albert Sabin Jonas Salk Randy Schekman Solomon Snyder Sol Spiegelman Ralph Steinman Sir John Vane²⁰ Harold Varmus Bert Vogelstein Selman Waksman George Wald Otto Warburg ²¹ August von Wassermann Robert Weinberg Charles Weissmann Richard Willstätter Rosalyn Yalow Charles Yanofsky Ada Yonath
LDaniel Koshland, Jr.ONG LIST
Julian Adams Alfred Alberts Bruce Alberts Harvey Alter Sidney Altman Amatus Lusitanus Bruce Ames Christian (Chaim) Anfinsen¹ Daniel Arnon Ruth Arnon Selmar Ascheim Charlotte Auerbach Leopold Auerbach Gerald Aurbach Richard Axel Julius Axelrod David Baker David Baltimore Robert Bárány Moses Barron Jacqueline Barton Bonnie Bassler² Baruj Benacerraf Carl Benda Reinhold Benesch Ruth Benesch Seymour Benzer Isaac Berenblum Lev (Leo) Berg Paul Berg Max Bergmann Frederick Bernheim Hippolyte Bernheim Alan Bernstein Julius Bernstein Solomon Berson Alexandre Besredka Bruce Beutler Ernest Beutler Helen Blau Konrad Bloch Barry Bloom Floyd Bloom Jeffrey Bluestone Baruch Blumberg David Bodian Sir Walter Bodmer David Botstein Eugene Braunwald Sydney Brenner Josef Breuer Samuel Broder Bernard Brodie Donald Brown Michael Brown Gustav Bucky Leo Buerger Melvin Calvin Richard Cash Howard Cedar Sir Ernst Chain Martin Chalfie Pierre Chambon³ Erwin Chargaff Aaron Ciechanover Manfred Clynes Irun Cohen Sir Philip Cohen Stanley H. Cohen Stanley N. Cohen Edwin Cohn Ferdinand Cohn Mildred Cohn Julius Cohnheim Frank Colton Barry Commoner Jerome Conn Gerty Cori Burrill Crohn William Dameshek Samuel Danishefsky Norman Davidson Louis Diamond Carl Djerassi Isaac Djerassi Julius Donath Deborah Doniach Jeffrey Drebin Daniel Drucker Brian Druker Harry Eagle Gerald Edelman Paul Ehrlich Paul R. Ehrlich Arthur Eichengrun Alfred Einhorn Lawrence Einhorn Herman Eisen Thomas Eisner⁴ Gertrude Elion Walter Elsasser Gustav Embden Boris Ephrussi Sir Anthony Epstein Joseph Erlanger Lars Ernster Zelig Eshhar Ronald Evans Stanley Falkow Isidor Fankuchen Sidney Farber Alvan Feinstein Sir Marc Feldmann Gary Felsenfeld Alan Fersht Gerald Fink Richard Finkelstein Maxwell Finland Ronald Finn Andrew Fire Edmond Fischer⁵ Bernard Fisher Jack Fishman Robert D. Fleischmann Simon Flexner M. Judah Folkman Herbert Fox Sidney Fox Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat James Franck Rosalind Franklin Samuel Freedman Emil Freireich Sigmund Freud Jules Freund Leopold Freund Irwin Fridovich Josef Fried Jeffrey Friedman Charlotte Friend Karl von Frisch⁶ Irving Fritz Joseph Fruton Casimir Funk⁷ Robert Furchgott Richard Gershon Jacob Gershon-Cohen Norman Geschwind Walter Gilbert Alfred Gilman Alfred G. Gilman Phil Gold Alfred Goldberg Joseph Goldberger Harry Goldblatt Maurice W. Goldblatt Patricia Goldman-Rakic Richard Goldschmidt Avram Goldstein Joseph Goldstein Kurt Goldstein Corey Goodman Louis Goodman Jeffrey I. Gordon Stephen Jay Gould E. Peter Greenberg Leon Greenberg Michael Greenberg Mark Greene Baroness Susan Greenfield Paul Greengard Ludwik Gross Michael Grunstein Alexander Gutman Waldemar Haffkine Michael Hall ⁸ Viktor Hamburger Philip Handler Sir Henry Harris Stephen Harrison William Zev Hassid Herbert Hauptman Felix Haurowitz Georges Hayem Leonard Hayflick Selig Hecht Michael Heidelberger Rudolf Heidenhain Henry Heimlich Richard Held Jacob Henle Ludimar Hermann Avram Hershko Leonard Herzenberg Alfred Hess George de Hevesy Norbert Hirschhorn Basil Hirschowitz Jack Hirsh James Holland⁹ Bernard Horecker H. Robert Horvitz Arthur Horwich Jerome Horwitz Susan Horwitz Libbie Hyman Vernon Ingram Aaron Ismach Isaac Israeli (Isaac Judaeus) Alick Issacs François Jacob Abraham Jacobi Walter Jacobs David Julius Elvin Kabat C. Ronald Kahn Herman Kalckar Martin Kamen Eric Kandel William Kannel Adrian Kantrowitz Henry Kaplan Moritz Kaposi Michael Karin Jerome Karle Dennis Kasper Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir Aharon Katchalsky-Katzir Sir Bernard Katz Samuel Katz Stuart Kauffman Lewis Kay David Keilin Seymour Kety Marc Kirschner Richard Klausner Sir David Klenerman Edmund Klein George Klein Israel Kleiner Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel Nathan Kline Sir Aaron Klug Carl Koller Richard Kolodner Henry Koplik Arthur Kornberg Sir Hans Kornberg Roger Kornberg	Daniel Koshland, Jr. Hans Kosterlitz Sir Hans Krebs Hugo Kronecker Saul Krugman Stephen Kuffler¹⁰ Moses Kunitz Eric Lander Karl Landsteiner Robert Langer Phillip Leder Esther Lederberg Joshua Lederberg Robert Lefkowitz Richard Lerner David Lester Jerome Lettvin Phoebus Levene Giuseppe Levi Rita Levi-Montalcini Simon Levin Arnold Levine Michael Levine Philip Levine Rachmiel Levine Cyrus Levinthal Michael Levitt Alexander Levitzki Ronald Levy Mozes Lewenstein Richard Lewisohn Richard Lewontin David Lipman Fritz Lipmann Stephen Lippard Harvey Lodish Jacques Loeb Otto Loewi Cesare Lombroso Irving London Richard Losick Alfred Lotka ¹¹ Alexander Luria Salvador Luria André Lwoff Boris Magasanik Rudolf Magnus Adolf Magnus-Levy Moses Maimonides Lynn Margulis Paul Marks Daniel Mazia Alton Meister John Mendelsohn Matthew Meselson Élie Metchnikoff ¹² Karl Meyer Otto Meyerhof Elliot Meyerowitz Leonor Michaelis Felix Milgrom Stanley L. Miller Irving Millman César Milstein Oskar Minkowski Beatrice Mintz Alfred Mirsky Salvador Moncada¹³ Julius Morgenroth Harold Morowitz Hermann Muller ¹⁴ Hermann Munk David Nachmansohn David Nalin Daniel Nathans Philip Needleman Albert Neisser Carl Neuberg Albert Neuberger Elizabeth Neufeld Hans Neurath Marshall Nirenberg Sir Gustav Nossal ¹⁵ Leslie Orgel Garcia da Orta Reuben Ottenberg Alwin Pappenheimer Jacob Parnas Ira Pastan Sheldon Penman Sir Max Perutz Arnold Pick Ernst Pick Gregory Pincus Stanley Plotkin Adam Politzer Guido Pontecorvo Carl Prausnitz¹⁶ Karl Pribram Ilya Prigogine Nathaniel Pringsheim Stanley Prusiner Mark Ptashne Theodore Puck Juda Quastel Efraim Racker Geoffrey Raisman Henry Rappaport Sarah Ratner Jeffrey Ravetch Aharon Razin Aviv Regev David Reich Tadeus Reichstein Robert Remak Alexander Rich Arnold Rich David Rittenberg John Robbins Martin Rodbell Ivan Roitt Moritz Romberg Michael Rosbash Harry Rose Irwin Rose Saul Roseman Robert Rosen Milton Rosenau Barnett Rosenberg Saul Rosenberg Steven Rosenberg Michael Rosenfeld Michael Rossmann¹⁷ Jesse Roth James Rothman Aser Rothstein Samuel Ruben Benjamin Rubin Gerald Rubin Harry Rubin Gary Ruvkun Albert Sabin David Sachar Bernard Sachs Leo Sachs Ruth Sager José-Alain Sahel Albert Salamon Jonas Salk Stanley Sarnoff Lewis Sarett ¹⁸ Albert Schatz Randy Schekman Bela Schick Joseph Schlessinger Stuart Schlossman Rachel Schneerson Rudolph Schoenheimer Edward Scolnick Michael Sela Hans Selye¹⁹ Lucy Shapiro Shepard Shapiro Aaron Shatkin Carla Shatz Alan Sher David Shugar Philip Siekevitz Irving Sigal Paul Sigler Michael Silverman²⁰ Saul Silverstein Louis Siminovitch Maxine Singer Robert Sinsheimer Solomon Snyder Alfred Sommer Franz Sondheimer Nahum Sonenberg Tracy Sonneborn Sol Spiegelman Michael Sporn Meir Stampfer William Stein Ralph Steinman Gunther Stent Curt Stern Leo Sternbach Benedict Stilling Gilbert Stork Jack Strominger Lubert Stryer Leo Szilard Clifford Tabin Howard Temin Max Tishler Isidor Traube Ludwig Traube Sidney Udenfriend Ronald Vale Gabriel Valentin Sir John Vane²¹ Harold Varmus Alexander Varshavsky Ján Vilček Bert Vogelstein Vito Volterra Salome Waelsch Selman Waksman George Wald Otto Warburg ²² Arieh Warshel August von Wassermann Carl Weigert Richard Weil Robert Weinberg Paul Weiss Drew Weissman²³ Irving Weissman Charles Weissmann Georges Fernand Widal Alexander Wiener Michael Wigler Meir Wilchek Richard Willstätter Maxwell Wintrobe Ernest Witebsky Evelyn Witkin Owen Witte Jon Wolff Elie Wollman Lewis Wolpert Michael Woolfson Richard Wurtman Ernst Wynder Harry Yale Rosalyn Yalow Charles Yanofsky Ada Yonath Zacutus Lusitanus Amotz Zahavi Anatol Zhabotinsky Norton Zinder S. Lawrence Zipursky Bernhard Zondek Lord Solly Zuckerman Emile Zuckerkandl Georg Zuelzer Nathan Zuntz
NOTES 1. Convert to Judaism. See next-to-last paragraph: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KK. 2. Jewish father. 3. Jewish mother, née Yvonne Weill. 4. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. 5. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother, according to a follow-up dispatch issued by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) several days after publication of its October 14, 1992 story on that year's Nobel Prizes, written by Tom Tugend. Fischer is a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute. 6.Jewish maternal grandmother, Charlotte (née Dusensy) Exner; see The Dancing Bees: Karl von Frisch and the Discovery of the Honeybee Language, by Tania Munz (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 2016, pp. 107-108). See also Wer Einmal War: Das Jüdische Grossbürgertum Wiens 1800-1938, Volume 2: L-R, by Georg Gaugusch (Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, 2016, p. 2753). Under traditional Jewish Law, an individual descended from a maternal Jewish grandmother is considered fully Jewish. 7. Information elsewhere on the Web contains the claim that Casimir Funk was not Jewish. Among the many references which describe Funk as having been Jewish is Who's Who in World Jewry 1965: A Biographical Dictionary of Outstanding Jews, edited by Harry Schneiderman and I.J. Carmin Karpman (McKay, New York, 1965, p. 417). This reference is significant in this context since all of the biographical profiles that it contains were based on data supplied by the profiled individuals themselves, and later approved by them. 8. Jewish mother, Lillian Lee Elrick (née Lillian Erlich). 9. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. 10. Stephen Kuffler, known as the "father of modern neuroscience," was described as having had a Jewish paternal grandmother by his colleague Nobel Prize winner Sir Bernard Katz and as having had "one Jewish grandfather" by his former student Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel. In fact, all four of Kuffler's grandparents were Jews, although he was baptized into the Reformed Church of Hungary and identified as a Roman Catholic most of his life. His paternal grandparents were Benjamin and Flora (née Mittelmann) Kuffler; his maternal grandparents were Adolf and Julia (née Schlesinger) Kohn. (Contrary to other biographical information, his mother was born Elsa (or Elza) Kohn, not Elsa Kertesz.) Kuffler's paternal grandparents are buried in the Jewish Cemetery of Györ, Györ-Moson-Sopron, Hungary. His uncle Paul (Pal) Kuffler, who was murdered by the Nazis in 1944, is buried in the Kozma Street Jewish Cemetery in Budapest. 11. Alfred Lotka was born in 1880 in Lemberg, Austria-Poland to parents who were missionaries associated with the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. Many of these missionaries, including Lotka's father, were converted Jews themselves. In his History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews (London, 1908), W. T. Gidney describes Jacob Lotka (the father of Alfred Lotka) as a "Polish Israelite" (p. 354) and as a "Hebrew Christian" (p. 614). Jacob (also known as Jacques) Lotka headed the Society's station in Lemberg in the years 1873-1881 and later undertook missions to Jewish communities in Persia, Russia, and Hungary. No information is available to us at present concerning the mother of Alfred Lotka. 12. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see first paragraph of biography: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov.html. 13. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; identifies as a Jew, according to an interview in Candid Science II: Conversations with Famous Biomedical Scientists, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 567). 14. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see first paragraph of biography: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/muller.html. 15. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother; see http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/car/1998/2/wtmar12.htm. 16. Jewish maternal grandparents and paternal grandfather, non-Jewish paternal grandmother. 17. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father according to interview in Bitter Prerequisites: A Faculty for Survival from Nazi Terror, by William Laird Kleine-Ahlbrandt (Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN, 2001, p. 48). See also http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010216.Nat.Ahlbrandt.book.html. 18. Jewish father (poet and naturalist Lew Sarett, born Lewis Saretsky), non-Jewish mother. 19. Not generally known to have been Jewish. However, Hans Morgenstern's Jüdisches Biographisches Lexikon (LIT Verlag, Berlin and Vienna, 2011, p. 757) lists Selye as half-Jewish through his mother, Felicitas Langbank. Other data, contained in Dr. Anna Staudacher's (Austrian Academy of Sciences) compilation of "Leavings of the Jewish Community of Vienna between 1868 and 1914" lists Dr. Hugo Selye, Hans Selye's father, as having converted from Judaism to Christianity in 1902. According to Viennese Jewish communal records, Felicitas Langbank was born Felice (or Felicia) Langbank in 1884 to Heinrich (Mayer Hirsch) Langbank and Adele Neumann. Staudacher's research indicates that she underwent conversion to Christianity in 1906. 20. Jewish father. 21. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother, according to an interview published in Candid Science II, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 562). 22. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. 23. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. Raised Jewish; wife and children are Jewish. See: https://www.jewishexponent.com/2021/12/16/penn-professor-saves-the-world-with-covid-vaccine-research/.